In 2000, the voters of this state approved Proposition 39, which, among other things, amended Education Code section 47614
The Legislature adopted the Charter Schools Act of 1992 (§ 47600 et seq.; hereafter Charter Schools Act) to "provide opportunities for teachers, parents, pupils, and community members to establish and maintain schools that operate independently from the existing school district structure . . . ." (§ 47601.) The Legislature intended charter schools to be a means of (1) improving student learning; (2) increasing learning opportunities, especially for low-achieving students; (3) encouraging the use of different and innovative teaching methods; (4) creating new professional opportunities for teachers; (5) offering parents and students more choices within the public school system; and (6) giving schools a way to change from a rule-based to a performance-based accountability system. (Id., subds. (a)-(f); Wilson v. State Bd. of Education (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1125, 1130-1131 [89 Cal.Rptr.2d 745].) In 1998, the Legislature added a seventh goal to this list: to "[p]rovide vigorous competition within the public school system to stimulate continual improvements in all public schools." (§ 47601, subd. (g), added by Stats. 1998, ch. 34, § 1, p. 193.)
A charter school may be created a number of different ways under the Charter Schools Act. A petition to establish a charter school may be granted by a school district's governing board after the petition has been circulated and signed either by a number of parents or legal guardians of students that is equivalent to at least 50 percent of the number of students that is estimated will be enrolled in the charter school in the first year or a number of teachers that is equivalent to at least 50 percent of the number of teachers the charter school estimates will be employed at the school in the first year. (§ 47605, subds. (a)(1) & (b).) A petition to convert certain existing public schools to charter schools may be granted by a school district's governing board after the petition has been circulated and signed by not less than 50 percent of the permanent status teachers currently employed at the public school to be converted. (Id., subds. (a)(2) & (b).) If the governing board of a school district denies a petition for a charter school, the petition may be submitted to and granted by the applicable county board of education or the State Board. (Id., subd. (j).) A petition may also be submitted directly to a county board of education or the State Board. (§§ 47605.5, 47605.6, 47605.8.)
In addition to charter schools formed under the Charter Schools Act, parents of pupils in certain underachieving schools may apply directly to the State Board to allow them to establish a charter school "at the existing schoolsite." (§§ 52055.5, subd. (b)(3)(B), 52055.55, subd. (b)(3), 52055.650, subd. (h)(2)(B).)
Prior to the adoption of Proposition 39, former section 47614 provided: "A school district in which a charter school operates shall permit a charter school
Proposition 39 changed this limited obligation of a school district to provide facilities to a charter school. The voters of California expressed the intent "that public school facilities should be shared fairly among all public school pupils, including those in charter schools." (§ 47614, subd. (a), italics added.) Post-Proposition 39, section 47614, subdivision (b), now provides: "Each school district shall make available, to each charter school operating in the school district, facilities sufficient for the charter school to accommodate all of the charter school's in-district students in conditions reasonably equivalent to those in which the students would be accommodated if they were attending other public schools of the district. Facilities provided shall be contiguous, furnished, and equipped, and shall remain the property of the school district. The school district shall make reasonable efforts to provide the charter school with facilities near to where the charter school wishes to locate, and shall not move the charter school unnecessarily." (Italics added.)
Section 47614 sets forth certain parameters for the school district and the responsibilities of the charter schools. Section 47614 allows a school district providing facilities to a charter school to "charge the charter school a pro rata share (based on the ratio of space allocated by the school district to the charter school divided by the total space of the district) of those school district facilities costs which the school district pays for with unrestricted general fund revenues. The charter school shall not be otherwise charged for use of the facilities. No school district shall be required to use unrestricted general fund revenues to rent, buy, or lease facilities for charter school students." (§ 47614, subd. (b)(1).)
Section 47614 requires each charter school desiring facilities from a school district to each year "provide the school district with a reasonable projection of the charter school's average daily classroom attendance by in-district students for the following year. The district shall allocate facilities to the charter school for that following year based upon this projection. If the charter school, during that following year, generates less average daily classroom attendance by in-district students than it projected, the charter school shall reimburse the district for the over-allocated space at rates to be set by the State Board of Education." (§ 47614, subd. (b)(2).) A school district may deny facilities requests based upon projections of fewer than 80 units of average daily classroom attendance for the year. (Id., subd. (b)(4).)
Critical to this case, section 47614 also provides: "The State Department of Education shall propose, and the State Board of Education may adopt,
The State Board's rule-making authority in section 47614 complements its general authority in section 33031 to "adopt rules and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of this state . . . (c) for the government of the day and evening elementary schools, the day and evening secondary schools, and the technical and vocational schools of the state, and (d) for the government of other schools, excepting the University of California, the California State University, and the California Community Colleges, as may receive in whole or in part financial support from the state."
In 2002, the State Board adopted regulations to implement the provisions of section 47614. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 5, § 11969.1 et seq.)
The California School Boards Association, the Education Legal Alliance, the Association of California School Administrators, and the California Association of School Business Officials (together the School District Associations) filed a petition for writ of mandate and complaint for injunctive and declaratory relief against the State Board, Jack O'Connell in his capacity as the California State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the State Department of Education (together the State defendants) seeking to vacate and set aside 15 of the provisions of the regulations. The trial court granted the California Charter Schools Association (the Charter Association) leave to intervene.
The trial court issued a ruling after hearing in which it upheld 10 of the challenged regulations, but found five of the challenged regulations contained invalid provisions. The trial court issued a judgment directing the issuance of
The Charter Association filed an appeal from the portion of the judgment and peremptory writ that required the State defendants to vacate the five specified regulations as invalid. The Charter Association claims all the regulations are valid.
The School District Associations appeal the portion of the judgment and decision that upheld the challenged regulations. The School District Associations claim the trial court erred in upholding six of the 10 regulations they challenged at the trial court level. They assert the regulations are invalid.
There are two categories of administrative rules: quasi-legislative rules and interpretive rules. (Yamaha Corp. of America v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1, 10 [78 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 960 P.2d 1031] (Yamaha).) The regulations adopted by the State Board here are quasi-legislative rules to which we apply a narrow scope of review.
As stated by the California Supreme Court: "It is a `black letter' proposition that there are two categories of administrative rules and that the distinction between them derives from their different sources and ultimately from the constitutional doctrine of the separation of powers. One kind— quasi-legislative rules—represents an authentic form of substantive lawmaking: Within its jurisdiction, the agency has been delegated the Legislature's lawmaking power. [Citations.] Because agencies granted such substantive rulemaking power are truly `making law,' their quasi-legislative rules have the dignity of statutes. When a court assesses the validity of such rules, the scope of its review is narrow. If satisfied that the rule in question lay within the lawmaking authority delegated by the Legislature, and that it is reasonably necessary to implement the purpose of the statute, judicial review is at
"`"[T]he absence of any specific [statutory] provisions regarding the regulation of [an issue] does not mean that such a regulation exceeds statutory authority . . . ." [Citations.] The [agency] is authorized to "fill up the details" of the statutory scheme. [Citation.]'" (Marshall v. McMahon (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1841, 1848 [22 Cal.Rptr.2d 220], quoting Ford Dealers Assn. v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1982) 32 Cal.3d 347, 362 [185 Cal.Rptr. 453, 650 P.2d 328]; accord, Mineral Associations Coalition v. State Mining & Geology Bd. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 574, 589 [41 Cal.Rptr.3d 544] (Mineral Associations); Physicians & Surgeons Laboratories, Inc. v. Department of Health Services (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 968, 981 [8 Cal.Rptr.2d 565].)
However, an agency does not have discretion to promulgate regulations that are inconsistent with the governing statute, alter or amend the statute, or enlarge its scope. (Slocum v. State Bd. of Equalization (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 969, 974 [36 Cal.Rptr.3d 627]; People ex rel. Dept. of Alcoholic Beverage Control v. Miller Brewing Co. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 1189, 1198-1199 [128 Cal.Rptr.2d 861]; Terhune v. Superior Court (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 864, 872-873 [76 Cal.Rptr.2d 841]; accord, Gov. Code, §§ 11342.1, 11342.2.)
Where regulations are void because of inconsistency or conflict with the governing statute, a court has a duty to strike them down. (Littoral Development Co. v. San Francisco Bay Conservation etc. Com. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1058 [29 Cal.Rptr.2d 518].) "In the end, `[t]he court, not the agency, has "final responsibility for the interpretation of the law" under which the regulation was issued.'" (Communities for a Better Environment v. California Resources Agency (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 98, 110 [126 Cal.Rptr.2d 441], fn. omitted.) We must conduct an independent examination to determine whether the agency "`reasonably interpreted the legislative mandate'" in enacting the regulation. (State Farm, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1040.) "[T]he standard governing our resolution of the issue is one of `respectful nondeference." (Mineral Associations, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 583; accord, Yamaha, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 11, fn. 4.)
We keep in mind that "the burden is on the party challenging a regulation to show its invalidity." (Mineral Associations, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 589; accord, Geftakys v. State Personnel Board (1982) 138 Cal.App.3d 844, 867 [188 Cal.Rptr. 305].)
The School District Associations argue the trial court erred in upholding the validity of six of the State Board's regulations: (1) Regulations, section 11969.2, subdivision (d); (2) id., section 11969.3, subdivision (a)(1); (3) id., section 11969.2, subdivision (e); (4) id., section 11969.7, subdivision (f); (5) id., section 11969.9, subdivision (c)(1)(C); and (6) id., section 11969.9, subdivision (k)(3). We consider each of the regulations in turn.
Regulations, section 11969.2(d) was amended in 2008 to read as follows (new language is underscored): "(d) Contiguous. As used in Education Code section 47614(b), facilities are `contiguous' if they are contained on the school site or immediately adjacent to the school site. If the in-district average daily classroom attendance of the charter school cannot be accommodated on any single school district school site, contiguous facilities also includes facilities located at more than one site, provided that the school district shall minimize the number of sites assigned and shall consider student safety.
At the trial court level, the School District Associations attacked the new portion of this regulatory language as (1) inconsistent with section 47614 and Ridgecrest Charter School v. Sierra Sands Unified School Dist. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 986 [30 Cal.Rptr.3d 648] (Ridgecrest), (2) as lacking evidence of necessity in the record, and (3) as being vague. The trial court rejected the School District Associations' claims.
Changing tack, the School District Associations no longer pursue these claims on appeal. The School District Associations now challenge the original language of the regulation adopted in 2002, complaining the regulation
The definition of "contiguous" in Regulations, section 11969.2(d) tracks this common understanding of the term. Facilities are contiguous "if they are contained on the school site or immediately adjacent to the school site." (Regs., § 11969.2(d).) Indeed, the regulatory definition goes beyond this common understanding to also include multiple sites as contiguous where "the in-district average daily classroom attendance of the charter school cannot be accommodated on any single school district school site." (Regs., § 11969.2(d).)
Nevertheless, the School District Associations argue the definition of contiguous in Regulations, section 11969.2(d), which they assert requires a school district to accommodate charter school students on the same site without regard to grade level, prevents them from complying with the requirement of section 47614, subdivision (b) that facilities be provided in "conditions reasonably equivalent." The School District Associations argue the sole exception recognized by the regulation for not providing a single site—that there are too many charter school students to be accommodated at a single site—is insufficient to allow consideration of grade level factors relevant to providing reasonably equivalent facilities.
In explanation of these points, the School District Associations point out that traditional schools are typically organized into elementary schools (with grades K through 5 or K through 6), middle schools (with grades 6 through 8, 7 through 8, or 7 through 9), and high schools (with grades 9 through 12 or 10 through 12). Elementary schools have smaller desks, bathrooms and other furnishings. Middle schools and high schools have not only larger furnishings, they have additional classroom space for age-appropriate educational programs such as science, music, and vocational training. Playgrounds and athletic facilities differ in size and type between the school campuses. For charter schools offering K through 8 or K through 12 programs, the School District Associations claim the regulation forces school districts to make "a
We agree with the court in Ridgecrest, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th 986, that "[t]here is, plainly, some tension between the `shared fairly' and `reasonably equivalent' requirements in section 47614 on the one hand, and the `contiguous' requirement on the other. The first two suppose a balancing of all the factors—educational, logistical, financial, legal, and practical—that ordinarily go into deciding how to assign students among the various schools within a district (giving equal consideration to the `district' and charter school students). The third requirement, contiguity, supposes that all charter school students must first be assigned to the same site (assuming one exists large enough to house them all) before any consideration may be given to the other factors. These two extremes correspond roughly to the positions staked out by the parties in this case. We believe the answer lies somewhere in between, albeit toward the contiguity end of the scale. That is, at the risk of seeming to oversimplify a difficult and complex process, we think it must at least begin with the assumption that all charter school students will be assigned to a single site, and attempt from there to adjust the other factors to accommodate this goal." (Id. at p. 1002.)
The term "reasonably equivalent" is broad enough to encompass many situations. For example, if the number of students in a charter school with a K through 8 or K through 12 educational program can be accommodated on an elementary school site within the school district, the district may bring appropriate furniture and other middle school and/or high school appropriate equipment onto the elementary school site for the older charter students' use. A decision may be made that such students can reasonably put up with the smaller restroom or other fixed elementary school facilities.
Regulations, section 11969.3, subdivision (a) was amended in 2008 to read, as pertinent to the School District Associations' challenge to the regulation, as follows (new language is underscored; deleted language is struck out):
"The following provisions shall be used to determine whether facilities provided to a charter school are sufficient to accommodate charter school students in conditions reasonably equivalent to those in which the students would be accommodated if they were attending public schools of the school district providing facilities, as required by Education Code section 47614(b).
"(a) Comparison Group.
"(1) The standard for determining whether facilities are sufficient to accommodate charter school students in conditions reasonably equivalent to those in which the students would be accommodated if they were attending public schools of the school district providing facilities shall be a comparison group of school district-operated schools with similar grade levels.
The School District Associations object to the new sentence: "If none of the district-operated schools has grade levels similar to the charter school, then a contiguous facility within the meaning of subdivision (d) of section 11969.2 shall be an existing facility that is most consistent with the needs of students in the grade levels served at the charter school." The School District Associations claim the sentence again seeks to compel school districts to
Largely for the reasons already expressed, we reject the School District Associations' claims.
The question before us is not whether the State Board appropriately placed the challenged sentence in Regulations, section 11969.3 dealing with the determination of conditions of reasonable equivalency. Nor are we called upon to offer an opinion on whether the challenged sentence in Regulations, section 11969.3(a)(1) could perhaps have been drafted with additional clarity. The question before us is only whether the provision is inconsistent with section 47614, alters or amends section 47614, or enlarges its scope. (Slocum v. State Bd. of Equalization, supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 974; People ex rel. Dept. of Alcoholic Beverage Control v. Miller Brewing Co., supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1198-1199; Terhune v. Superior Court, supra, 65 Cal.App.4th at pp. 872-873; Gov. Code, §§ 11342.1, 11342.2.) We must determine whether the agency "`reasonably interpreted the legislative mandate'" in enacting the regulation. (State Farm, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1040.) We find the regulation valid by these standards.
It is clear from its language that the challenged amendment is intended to recognize there may be no existing district school serving all the same grade levels as the charter school for purposes of comparison. This is confirmed by a review of the State Board's explanation for the amendment to the regulation.
In its initial statement of reasons for the amendment to Regulations, section 11969.3(a)(1), the State Board explained the regulation as follows: "Subdivision (a) describes the creation of a comparison group of schools. Following consideration of input received through the workgroup process, two sentences have been added to paragraph (1). These added sentences address the situation in which a comparison group as envisioned in the existing regulations cannot be assembled. In such a situation, the comparison group includes all of the district-operated schools serving any of the grade levels served by the charter school. A contiguous facility in such a situation is a facility that is most consistent with the needs of students in the grade levels
The State Board's final statement of reasons for the amendment summarizes the amendment as follows: "Section 11969.3(a) (Definition of Comparison Group). Amend to clarify that if the district's grade level configuration is different from the charter school's, the district is to provide the charter school an existing facility that is most consistent with the charter school's grade level configuration, but that the school district is not obligated to modify an existing facility to accommodate the charter school's grade level configuration."
The provision does not require school districts to ignore the grade-level configuration of their schools or tell "school districts to ignore what is reasonably equivalent," as the School District Associations claim. The facilities provided must still meet the requirements of reasonable equivalency based on a comparison with the district's schools that have grade levels similar to the charter school as stated in the sentence before the challenged provision in Regulations, section 11969.3(a)(1). The facilities must still meet the requirements of reasonable equivalency specified by Regulations, section 11969.3, subdivisions (b), regarding capacity, and (c), regarding condition, unless the charter is a conversion charter school, in which case "the condition of the facility previously used by the school district at the site shall be considered to be reasonably equivalent to the condition of school district facilities for the first year the charter school uses the facility" (Regs., § 11969.3, subd. (c)(2)).
Regulations, section 11969.2(e) was amended in 2008 to read as follows (new language is underscored; deleted language is struck out): "(e) Furnished and Equipped. As used in Education Code section 47614(b), a facility is `furnished and equipped' if it includes all the and equipment necessary to conduct classroom-based instruction (i.e., at a minimum, desks, chairs, and blackboards)
The School District Associations contend amended Regulations, section 11969.2(e) is invalid because it defines equipment in a way that is inconsistent with Proposition 39 and a related statute and because it forces school districts to use unrestricted general fund revenues to provide facilities to charter schools in violation of section 47614, subdivision (b)(1). We reject each claim.
In adopting Proposition 39, the voters of California expressed the intent "that public school facilities should be shared fairly among all public school pupils, including those in charter schools." (§ 47614, subd. (a), italics added.) Proposition 39 amended section 47614 to provide, in relevant part, that "[e]ach school district shall make available, to each charter school operating in the school district, facilities sufficient for the charter school to accommodate all of the charter school's in-district students in conditions reasonably equivalent to those in which the students would be accommodated if they were attending other public schools of the district. Facilities provided shall be contiguous, furnished, and equipped, and shall remain the property of the school district." (§ 47614, subd. (b).)
The terms "furnished" and "equipped" are not defined by section 47614. Section 47614, subdivision (b)(6), expressly authorizes the State Board to adopt "regulations implementing this subdivision, including but not limited to defining the terms. . . ."
The School District Associations claim the definition of "furnished" and "equipped" adopted by the State Board in Regulations, section 11969.2(e) is inconsistent with Proposition 39. Relying on the principle of statutory construction that terms within a statute or within the same act possess a consistent meaning (People v. Standish (2006) 38 Cal.4th 858, 870 [43 Cal.Rptr.3d 785, 135 P.3d 97]; People v. Roberge (2003) 29 Cal.4th 979, 987 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 861, 62 P.3d 97]; People v. Contreras (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 760, 764 [64 Cal.Rptr.2d 233]), the School District Associations argue equipment must be defined as property of a permanent nature, which they argue the Legislature has defined in another Education Code statute as property with a useful life of at least 20 years (§ 15100, subds. (e) & (i)), not as property with a life of a year and a day as defined by Regulations, section 11969.2(e) (equipment is property that is not "consumed immediately (e.g., within one year) by use").
We begin with the claim that section 11969.2(e) is inconsistent with Proposition 39.
In addition to amending section 47614, Proposition 39 amended article XIIIA of the California Constitution to add a new exception to its 1 percent limitation of ad valorem tax on real property. (Cal. Const., art. XIII A, § 1, subd. (b)(3); Prop. 39, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 7, 2000).) The new provision allows a school district, community college district, or county office of education to incur bonded indebtedness "for the construction,
That is, article XIII A of the California Constitution allows school bond funds to be used for furnishing and equipping school facilities, but prohibits school bond funds from being used to pay school operating expenses. Applying this distinction between equipment and operating expenses to section 47614, also adopted by Proposition 39, the School District Associations argue the voters did not intend operating expenses to be included in a definition of furniture and equipment under section 47614.
The School District Associations assert, however, the definition of equipment in Regulations, section 11969.2(e) is invalid because it is inconsistent with section 15100, which specifies the allowable purposes for a bond election as including "[t]he supplying of school buildings and grounds with furniture, equipment, or necessary apparatus of a permanent nature" (§ 15100, subd. (e)) and "[t]he purchase of schoolbuses the useful life of which is at least 20 years." (§ 15100, subd. (i)). The School District Associations argue section 47614 should be construed consistently with section 15100 to include a definition of equipment as property with a permanent nature and a useful life of at least 20 years.
The definition of equipment in Regulations, section 11969.2(e) is consistent with Proposition 39, including section 47614.
The School District Associations also contend that the definition of equipment adopted by the State Board in Regulations, section 11969.2(e) is so expansive that it results in an inconsistency with the portion of section 47614 that states: "No school district shall be required to use unrestricted general fund revenues to rent, buy or lease facilities for charter school students." (§ 47614, subd. (b)(1).) Providing an elaborate discussion of the three general sources for school funding (average daily attendance or "ADA" funding; categorical funding; and capital facilities funding), the School District Associations contend section 11969.2(e) ignores the clear limitations imposed by the funding statutes on the uses of school funds and requires school districts to furnish, equip, and even provide supplies for the facilities they make available to the charter schools.
The School District Associations claim the problem posed by the regulation is illustrated by the following example they used before the trial court. "[We] described a typical situation where a charter school is sharing space within a traditional school operated by the school district. It is impossible for two
Thus, in the hypothetical example provided by the School District Associations, it may be necessary for the two school entities—the district school and the charter school, to share administrative offices. We see no reason to believe it will be impossible for them to do so in all cases. But, in cases where administrative offices cannot be shared and the school district converts a classroom into an administrative office for the charter school, section 47614 requires the school district to review the furnishings and equipment it provides to its school administrative offices and either determine a method of sharing the use of such property or divide that property in such a way as to fairly share it with the charter school. (§ 47614, subd. (a).) True—this may mean in some cases both the district schools and the charter school will be inconvenienced to some extent and must make do with less.
This regulation harmonizes two statutes as follows: Section 47614, subdivision (b)(1) provides in full: "The school district may charge the charter school a pro rata share (based on the ratio of space allocated by the school district to the charter school divided by the total space of the district) of those school district facilities costs which the school district pays for with unrestricted general fund revenues. The charter school shall not be otherwise charged for use of the facilities. No school district shall be required to use unrestricted general fund revenues to rent, buy, or lease facilities for charter school students." (Italics added.)
Section 47613 provides that a chartering authority may charge a charter school for costs of required supervisorial oversight as follows: "(a) Except as set forth in subdivision (b), a chartering authority may charge for the actual costs of supervisorial oversight of a charter school not to exceed 1 percent of the revenue of the charter school. [¶] (b) A chartering authority may charge for the actual costs of supervisorial oversight of a charter school not to exceed 3 percent of the revenue of the charter school if the charter school is able to obtain substantially rent free facilities from the chartering authority." (Italics added.)
Seeking to coordinate the provisions of these two statutes, the State Board adopted Regulations, section 11969.7(f) in 2008. Section 11969.7(f) states: "If a school district charges a charter school for facilities costs pursuant to this article, and if the district is the charter school's authorizing entity, the facilities are not substantially rent free within the meaning of Education Code section 47613, and the district may only charge for the actual costs of supervisorial oversight of the charter school not to exceed one percent of the school's revenue."
The School District Associations contend Regulations, section 11969.7(f) is inconsistent with both sections 47613 and 47614 because it equates "facilities cost" to "rent," forcing a school district into a "catch-22 situation" where it must choose between recovering a share of its facilities cost or its supervisorial oversight cost, but cannot collect both. We conclude the State Board "`reasonably interpreted the legislative mandate'" in enacting section 11969.7(f). (State Farm, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1040.)
As the trial court recognized, the Charter Schools Act (§ 47600 et seq.) does not define the term "rent." The State Board has authority to "fill up the
Regulations, section 11969.7(f) simply applies the limitation of section 47613 to a school district that is the chartering authority for a charter school when the school district chooses to charge the charter school the section 47614, subdivision (b)(1) pro rata facilities cost. It is reasonable for the regulation to apply only to a school district that is the chartering agency for the charter school and not other chartering authorities because only chartering school districts both share facilities with a charter school and incur supervisorial costs.
The School District Associations argue against this conclusion on a number of grounds.
First, the School District Associations claim a different conclusion is required when the interrelationship between section 47613 and the prior version of section 47614 is considered. We disagree.
In 1998, section 47613.7 and section 47614 were added to the Charter Schools Act. (Stats. 1998, ch. 34, §§ 14 & 15, p. 202.) Section 47613.7 for the first time allowed a chartering agency to charge supervisorial costs of up
To support their argument that facilities cost is not rent, the School District Associations next claim the facilities cost referred to in section 47614 is principally maintenance and operations costs, allowed in place of the previous requirement that the charter school be responsible for the reasonable maintenance of the facilities provided by the school district. (Stats. 1998, ch. 34, § 15, p. 202.) As a substitute for the charter school's obligation to
We disagree. The facilities costs that may be charged against the charter school in section 47614 do not supplant the charter school's responsibility for its ongoing maintenance and operations costs. As the Charter Association points out, a charter school still has the responsibility for the ongoing operations and maintenance of the facilities, furnishings, and equipment provided by the school district. (Regs., § 11969.4, subd. (b).) And although certain subdivisions of section Regulations, 11969.7 include "costs associated with plant maintenance and operations" and school district contributions from unrestricted general fund revenues to various specified district maintenance accounts, in the facilities costs used for the calculation of the pro rata share charge to the charter school (§ 11969.7, subd. (a), (a)(1) & (2); see also Regs., § 11969.2, subd. (h)), another provision of section 11969.7 expressly excludes "any costs that are paid by the charter school, including, but not limited to, costs associated with ongoing operations and maintenance . . . ." (§ 11969.7, subd. (a).) Thus, charter schools retain the responsibility for ongoing operations and maintenance and the facilities costs charge is not a substitute for such obligation. Nothing in the other regulations adopted by the State Board precludes the facilities costs charge from being considered a form of rent for purposes of section 47613.
The School District Associations argue the Legislature recognized that charter schools receiving equivalent facilities under section 47614 are receiving those facilities "rent-free" when it enacted section 47614.5, the Charter School Facility Grant Program. We find no such recognition in section 47614.5.
The Charter School Facility Grant Program does not speak expressly or impliedly to the issue of whether the facilities costs charge in section 47614 is reasonably construed as rent for purposes of section 47613. Section 47614.5 states the grant program "is intended to provide assistance with facilities rent and lease costs for pupils in charter schools." (§ 47614.5, subd. (a).) But a charter school "receiving reasonably equivalent facilities from their chartering authority pursuant to Section 47614" is ineligible for grant funds. (Id., subd. (d)(3).) In excluding charter schools receiving facilities under section 47614 from the grant program, it appears the Legislature simply chose to offer financial support to charter schools that choose to rent or lease suitable facilities instead of requesting to share facilities with a school district for which a school district may or may not choose to charge the pro rata facilities cost.
The State Board adopted Regulations, section 11969.9 to provide procedures and timelines for the annual request for, reimbursement for, and for provision of facilities to a charter school under section 47614. In 2008, the State Board amended subdivision (c) of section 11969.9, as relevant on appeal here, as follows (new language is underscored; deleted language is struck out):
The School District Associations argue the new language of Regulations, section 11969.9(c)(1)(C) that exempts certain charter schools from the documentation requirement is inconsistent with the specific language in section 47614, subdivision (b)(2) that requires charter schools to annually provide the school district "with a reasonable projection" of next year's in-district student ADA and then requires school districts to provide reasonably equivalent facilities based on such projections. The School District Associations assert
In Sequoia, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th 185, a high school district (Sequoia) brought an action for declaratory relief seeking an order that a school district is not required to provide funding or facilities for a charter school that was approved by another school district and specifically that it was not required to provide facilities to Aurora Charter High School (Aurora). (Sequoia, supra, at p. 190.) Aurora cross-complained for, among other things, a peremptory writ of mandate compelling Sequoia to provide facilities pursuant to section 47614. (Sequoia, supra, at p. 190.) Aurora submitted a declaration explaining and supporting its ADA projections for its facilities request. (Ibid.) The trial court concluded Aurora's projected enrollment and attendance were reasonable, and therefore Sequoia was obligated to provide facilities. (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal affirmed. (Id. at p. 197.)
In addressing Sequoia's claim that Aurora had failed to demonstrate a reasonably projected enrollment of the minimum number of in-district students for purposes of section 47614 (Sequoia, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at p. 194), the appellate court noted section 47614 "is silent as to any mechanism for calculating the `reasonable projection' of in-district students, the evidentiary standard of proof for the projection, the procedure for the district to question the reasonableness of the projection, or the district's right to deny the request when the school's projection is for 80 or more units of average daily attendance." (Sequoia, supra, at p. 195.) The court concluded, however, that "[b]y modifying `projection' with the adjective `reasonable' (§ 47614, subd. (b)(2)), the statute necessarily implies the charter school must offer some explanation in its facilities request for the basis for its projection." (Id. at pp. 195-196, italics added.) "However, the statute does not require the school to demonstrate arithmetical precision in its projection or provide the kind of documentary or testimonial evidence that would be admissible at a trial. Rather, the school is subsequently penalized if its projection was incorrect by having to reimburse the district for over-allocated space. (§ 47614, subd. (b)(2).)" (Id. at p. 196.)
In a footnote, the appellate court in Sequoia, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at page 196, noted that the State Board had adopted regulations defining the procedures and timelines for the request of facilities that had become operative one day after the hearing on this case. (Id. at p. 196, fn. 4.) The court stated: "Even if [the] regulations were fully operative when Aurora made its
Section 47614 requires every charter school requesting facilities from a school district to provide the district with "a reasonable projection" of its ADA for the following year. (§ 47614, subd. (b)(2).) Sequoia, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th 185, interpreted this statutory phrase to require "some explanation in its facilities request for the basis for its projection." (Id. at p. 196.) Under the prior regulations, the charter school must make "a showing" of the projected ADA. (Id. at p. 196, fn. 4.)
This brings us to Environmental Charter, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th 139. In Environmental Charter, a charter school (Environmental) submitted a request for facilities to Centinela Valley Union High School District (Centinela) based on section 47614, subdivision (b). (Environmental Charter, supra 122 Cal.App.4th at pp. 142-143.) Environmental included in its request for facilities a projection of the number of its in-district students, broken down by grade level, as well as information about its instructional calendar, the general geographical area in which it wished to be located and its special facilities needs for its program. (Id. at p. 143.) Centinela requested more detailed information that would include the student names and dates of birth, home addresses, names of parents or guardians, grade levels, and schools and school districts attended. (Ibid.) Eventually, Centinela denied Environmental's facilities request based on it lacking the documentation required by Regulations, former section 11969.9(c)(1)(C). (Environmental Charter, supra, at p. 143.) Environmental filed a petition for writ of mandate seeking to compel Centinela to process its request and the trial court ordered Centinela to provide Environmental with facilities. (Id. at pp. 143-144.) The appellate court reversed. (Id. at p. 154.)
The court in Environmental Charter, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at pages 149-150, concluded the plain language of Regulations, former section 11969.9 made the regulation, including former subdivision (c)(1)(C), applicable to all charter schools, not just new charter schools as Environmental claimed. "This reading is consistent with section 47614, subdivision (b)(2) because both, by their language, cover any facilities request." (Environmental Charter, supra, at p. 149.) The court rejected Environmental's claim that Sequoia, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th 185, "negate[d] any argument that a charter school is required to provide student information." (Environmental Charter,
Finally, the court in Environmental Charter concluded Centinela acted within its discretion in denying Environmental's facilities request. (Environmental Charter, supra, 122 Cal.App.4th at pp. 151-153.) The court found a rational connection between Centinela's denial of Environmental's request and the lack of documentation provided by Environmental. (Id. at p. 152.) "Due to the lack of documentation, Centinela was unable to verify meaningfully interested students and to satisfy its safety and liability concerns. It acted consistently with the dicta in Sequoia by asking that Environmental make a `showing.' Moreover, Centinela did not grant Environmental's charter or provide it with facilities on a prior occasion. As a result, it was dealing with an unknown commodity and had every right to demand strict regulatory compliance before making a facilities offer." (Ibid.) "When a charter school submits a facilities request, it must make a showing of its enrollment projections with relevant documents." (Id. at p. 153.)
The workgroup directed to review the 2002 regulations for possible amendments identified the reciprocal hold-harmless/indemnification provision "as a responsible practice to protect the public investment in the facilities used by the charter school, the employees (and volunteers) who work in the facilities, and the school children who attend school in the facilities, whether enrolled in the charter school or in a district-run program."
The School District Associations claim, however, the State Board lacks authority to require this substantive provision because section 47614, subdivision (b)(6) only grants the State Board authority to "defin[e] the procedures and establish[] timelines for the request for, reimbursement for, and provision of, facilities."
Responding to a similar claim made during the comment period for the regulations, the State Board concluded in its final statement of reasons that its broad grant of rule-making authority under section 47614, subdivision (b)(6), was "clearly sufficient" to cover Regulations, section 11969.9(k)(3). It stated: "The reciprocal hold-harmless/indemnification provision is a solid business practice to ensure the security of the public's investment in the facilities owned by the school district and used by the charter school."
Section 47604, subdivision (c) provides in relevant part: "An authority that grants a charter to a charter school to be operated by, or as, a nonprofit public benefit corporation is not liable for the debts or obligations of the charter school, or for claims arising from the performance of acts, errors, or omissions by the charter school, if the authority has complied with all oversight responsibilities required by law . . . ."
Out of the 15 regulations challenged by the School District Associations, the trial court found only the five subparagraphs of Regulations, section 11969.3, subdivision (d) to be inconsistent with governing statutes. The trial court granted a judgment directing the issuance of a peremptory writ of mandamus compelling the State defendants to vacate the regulations contained in section 11969.3, subdivision (d)(1), (2)(A), (B), (C) and (D). These regulations pertain only to conversion charter schools, that is, charter schools that are created from converting an existing district school to a charter school. The Charter Association appeals this portion of the judgment claiming the regulations are valid. We agree.
Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(1) provides as follows: "The school site, as identified in the school's charter, shall be made available to the school for its second year of operation and thereafter upon annual request pursuant to Education Code section 47614. The district is entitled to charge the charter school pro rata costs for the school site pursuant to section 11969.7, and the district is entitled to receive reimbursement for over-allocated space from the charter school pursuant to section 11969.8, except as provided in paragraph (3)." (Italics added.)
Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(A) provides: "If, by material revision of the charter, the location of a charter school is changed, or if one or more additional sites are approved pursuant to Education Code section 47605[, subdivision] (a)(4), then the school is entitled to request and the district shall
The School District Associations made three arguments at the trial court level against these provisions: they were inconsistent with section 47614 because nothing in the Charter Schools Act provides that a conversion charter school is bound to the site or has any greater right to the facilities on the site than any district school or other charter; none of the governing statutes make any distinction between conversion and start-up charter schools with respect to the allocation of facilities; and the regulations improperly give conversion charter schools a right to veto any attempt by the school district to relocate the charter to another site because the only regulatory provision allowing a change of the location of a charter school (Regs., § 11969.3(d)(2)(A)) was limited to situations where a charter school sought and obtained a material revision of its charter.
The trial court concluded the regulations were not inconsistent with section 47614 "merely because they distinguish between conversion charter schools and other charter schools in respect to the allocation of facilities under Proposition 39. The Charter Schools Act includes special provisions regarding establishing charter schools at existing public school sites. (See Ed. Code §§ 47605[, subd.] (a)(2), 52055.5, 52055.55, 52055.650.) Under the Charter Schools Act, if an existing public school converts partially or entirely to a charter school, the charter school is required to adopt and maintain a policy giving admission preference to pupils who reside within the former attendance area of that public school. (Ed. Code, § 47605[, subd.] (d)(1).) Based on these statutes, it was reasonable for [the State Board] to infer that the Charter Schools Act intends that conversion charter schools generally should remain at the same location and serve the same attendance area."
However, the trial court agreed with the School District Associations that section 11969.3, subdivision (d)(1) and (2)(A) are inconsistent with section 47614 "to the extent they give conversion charter schools a right to veto any attempt to relocate the charter to another site. Although a conversion charter school necessarily is tied to the conversion school site during its first year of operation, nothing in the Charter Schools Act gives conversion charter schools an unqualified right to remain at the school site indefinitely. Indeed, such an interpretation would flout the language in [section] 47614, subdivision (b), suggesting charter schools can be moved when `necessary.'" The trial court concluded the State Board could not "completely divest school districts of the power to move a charter school, as it did here."
On appeal, the Charter Association claims Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(1) and (2)(A) were adopted within the regulatory authority of the
Turning to the issue of whether the adoption of Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(1) and (2)(A) was within the authority of the State Board, we note the Charter Association takes the position that both section 33031 and section 47614 provide the State Board with such authority, while the School District Associations contend subdivision (d) of section 11969.3 exceeds the State Board's authority because it is unrelated to the purpose of section 11969.3, which is defining "conditions reasonably equivalent."
While the language of section 47614 itself does not distinguish conversion charter schools from start-up charter schools, other statutes in the Education Code do make such a distinction.
For example, the Legislature has provided different requirements for the formation of charter schools depending on whether they are start-up schools, conversion schools, or the conversion of underachieving schools. A petition to establish a charter school (a start-up school) may be granted upon the signed petition of a number of parents or legal guardians of students that is equivalent to at least 50 percent of the number of students that are estimated will be enrolled in the charter school in the first year or a number of teachers that is equivalent to at least 50 percent of the number of teachers the charter school estimates will be employed at the school in the first year. (§ 47605, subds. (a)(1) & (b).) In contrast, a petition to convert a public school to a charter school may be granted upon the signed petition of not less than 50 percent of the permanent status teachers currently employed at the public school. (Id., subds. (a)(2) & (b).) In addition to charter schools formed under the Charter Schools Act, parents of pupils in certain underachieving schools may apply directly to the State Board to allow them to establish a charter school "at the existing schoolsite." (§§ 52055.5, subd. (b)(3)(B), 52055.55, subd. (b)(3), 52055.650, subd. (h)(2)(B).)
The State Board recognized this difference in formation. In the addendum to final statement of reasons for the regulations, the State Board explained that "[c]harter schools established by conversion are clearly of a different
An additional difference between start-up and conversion charter schools has been recognized by the Legislature in the area of student attendance. Generally, charter schools must admit all students who wish to attend to the extent the schools have the capacity to do so. (§ 47605, subd. (d)(2).) The Legislature has provided that admission to a start-up charter may not be determined according to the place of residence of a student, parent or legal guardian. (§ 47605, subd. (d)(1).) However, a different rule applies to conversion charter schools. A conversion charter school is statutorily required to "adopt and maintain a policy giving admission preference to pupils who reside within the former attendance area of that public school." (Ibid.) A conversion charter school's student population is thereby forever tied to the community from which it was originally based.
There is further evidence of a legislative distinction between start-up and conversion charter schools in the funding made available to them. For example, the Charter School Revolving Loan Fund (§ 41365) is expressly limited to schools that are not a conversion of an existing school. (Id., subd. (b).) Funds appropriated pursuant to the Charter School Facility Grant Program (§ 47614.5) may not be apportioned to "[c]harter schools occupying existing school district . . . facilities." (Id., subd. (d)(2).)
The trial court determined, however, that Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(1) and (2)(A) are inconsistent with section 47614 "to the extent they give conversion charter schools a right to veto any attempt to relocate the charter to another site." Indeed, "an unqualified right to remain at the school site indefinitely . . . would flout the language in [section] 47614, subdivision (b), suggesting charter schools can be moved when `necessary.'"
The trial court erred in concluding Regulations, section 11969.9(d)(1) and (2)(A) are invalid. We shall reverse that portion of the judgment.
Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(B) provides: "If the charter school was established pursuant to Education Code section 47605(a)(2), the district shall change the school's attendance area only if a waiver is first secured from the State Board of Education (SBE) pursuant to Education Code sections 33050-33053 of the requirement in Education Code section 47605[, subdivision] (d)(1) that the school continuously give admission preference to students residing in the former attendance area of the school site."
Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(C) provides: "If the charter school was established pursuant to Education Code sections 52055.5, 52055.55, 52055.650, the district shall relocate the school or change the school's attendance area only if a waiver is first secured from the SBE pursuant to Education Code sections 33050-33053 of the provision of statute binding the school to the existing school site."
Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(D) provides: "If a school district decides to change a charter school's attendance area as provided in subparagraphs (B) or (C), and if the decision occurs between November 1 and June 30 and becomes operative in the forthcoming fiscal year, then the space
The trial court ruled the School District Associations had persuasively "shown that subdivision (d)(2)(B) is inconsistent with the Charter Schools Act to the extent it prohibits school districts from changing a conversion charter school's attendance area without a waiver from the [State Board]. As [the School District Associations] correctly argue, the concept of attendance areas is inapplicable to charter schools. Charter schools are required to admit all pupils who wish to attend the school. (. . . § 47605[, subd.] (d)(2).) [¶] The portion of the Charter Schools Act on which [the State Board] relies, [section] 47605[, subdivision] (d)(1), does not impose attendance areas; it merely requires conversion charter schools to give admissions preferences to pupils who reside within the `former attendance area' of the converted public school. (. . . § 47605[, subd.] (d)(1) [emphasis added].) [¶] To the extent subdivision (d)(2)(C) and (d)(2)(D) are premised upon a change in a `charter school's attendance area,' those provisions likewise are inconsistent with the Charter Schools Act. [¶] Accordingly, [the School District Associations] are entitled to a writ of mandate compelling [the State defendants] to vacate the portions of subdivisions (d)(2)(B), (d)(2)(C) and (d)(2)(D) prohibiting school districts from changing a charter school's attendance area."
The School District Associations circulated a draft proposed judgment and peremptory writ that directed the State defendants to vacate Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(B), (C) and (D) (as well as § 11969.3(d)(1) & (2)(A)) in their entirety. The Charter Association and the State defendants objected to the proposed judgment and peremptory writ as broader than the trial court's ruling, which invalidated only "portions" of the regulations. Noting their objections to the drafts circulated by the School District Associations, the State defendants submitted to the trial court a proposed judgment and peremptory writ that directed the State defendants to vacate "section 11969.3, subdivisions (d)(1) and (d)(2)(A), to the extent those provisions give conversion charter schools an unqualified right to remain at the converted school site in perpetuity; and subdivisions (d)(2)(B), (d)(2)(C), and (d)(2)(D), to the extent those provisions purport to restrict school districts from changing a conversion charter school's attendance area."
The School District Associations responded with a letter to the trial court enclosing their proposed judgment and peremptory writ. The School District Associations noted their proposed judgment and writ did not include the limiting language proposed by the State defendants. The School District Associations explained that "[s]pecifically, we have left out of both the Proposed Judgment and Proposed Writ of Mandate the rationale you gave in your conclusion for invalidating section 11963.3 [sic] subdivisions (d)(1),
The Charter Association opposed the form of judgment and writ proposed by the School District Associations and again requested the trial court adopt a judgment and writ reflecting the exact wording of the trial court's ruling.
The trial court signed and entered the judgment and issued the peremptory writ proposed by the School District Associations.
On appeal, the Charter Association argues the judgment of the trial court should be reversed because the State Board had authority to adopt section 11969.3(d)(2)(B), (C) and (D), the provisions of those regulations are not inconsistent with the Education Code, and specifically that there is a reasonable meaning for a charter school's "attendance area" as used by the regulations. According to the Charter Association, such meaning can be gleaned from the State Board's final statement of reasons for the regulation.
The School District Associations respond that the trial court correctly found an attendance area waiver, as required by Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(B), (C) and (D), "is nonsensical." The School District Associations, however, go on to argue with respect to those sections that (1) "no statute binds any charter school to an existing site"; (2) "no statute grants authority to the [State] Board to control school districts' decisions allocating facilities"; (3) "no statute grants authority to the [State] Board to exempt relocated charter schools from their obligation to reimburse for overallocated space"; and (4) "subdivision (d) of section 11969.3 is also inconsistent with section 47614 in that it frustrates school districts' ability to meeting [sic] their obligations to share facilities equally and to provide facilities in conditions reasonably equivalent." (Capitalization altered.)
The School District Association obtained a judgment vacating Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(1), (2)(A), (B), (C) and (D) in their entirety upon a representation to the trial court that the only issues presented by such regulations were whether they improperly gave conversion charter schools an unqualified right to remain at the converted school site in perpetuity and improperly prevented school districts from changing attendance areas. If the School District Associations had wanted to challenge on appeal the limitation of overallocated space reimbursement in section 11969.3(d)(2)(D) or argue
The trial court premised its rejection of Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(B), (C) and (D) on its agreement with the School District Associations that the concept of attendance areas is inapplicable to charter schools. We disagree.
The State Board's rationale for these regulatory provisions can be discerned in its final statement of reasons, its addendum to final statement of reasons, and in its responses to comments on the proposed regulations. We begin, however, with the statutory context for the State Board's statements.
In both its final statement of reasons and in its addendum to final statement of reasons for the facilities regulations, the State Board noted Regulations,
A similar concern for the impact of school district decisions regarding attendance areas is further reflected in the State Board's response to a comment requesting regulatory language that would ensure a charter school was not "penalized[d]" "for declining enrollment due to a district's decisions (i.e., boundary change or traveling student pattern changes that are determined by the sponsoring district)." (Italics added.) The State Board replied that amendments to the regulations "address this topic in part. Prior to altering the attendance area of a conversion charter school, a district would need to obtain a waiver of the statutory provisions binding the school to the attendance area. Through the waiver process, modification of the attendance area of a conversion charter school would be subject to review by the State Board."
Responding to an objection that "the provision establishing a prerequisite to changing a conversion charter school's attendance area is in conflict with statute," the State Board made the following comments: "Although generally requiring a charter school to admit all pupils who wish to attend, . . . Section 47605[, subdivision] (d)(1), by its own terms, establishes an exception for conversion charter schools, requiring them to give admission preference to pupils who reside within the school's `former attendance area' (prior to conversion to charter status). The statutory obligation is ongoing, unless waived. Therefore, a waiver is essential if the attendance area of the school is to be changed and consequently impact the charter school's utilization of facilities."
In another response to objections, the State Board stated: "Attendance areas are not moot with regard to conversion charter schools as asserted by commenters. . . . Section 47605[, subdivision] (d)(1) requires that a conversion charter school give admission preference to pupils who reside within the former attendance area of the school. The requirement is ongoing (unless waived), regardless of whether the school is relocated. Similarly, . . . Sections 52055.5, 52055.55 or 52055.650 envision essentially the same students continuing to be served at the school site that is the subject of the conversion. Thus, the regulatory provision requiring a waiver is essential to harmonizing.. . Section 47614 to the other provisions of law."
We conclude the trial court erred in invalidating Regulations, section 11969.3(d)(2)(B), (C) and (D). We shall reverse that portion of the judgment.
The portion of the judgment concluding California Code of Regulations, title 5, section 11969.3, subdivision (d), subparagraphs (1), (2)(A), (2)(B), (C) and (D) are invalid is reversed and the trial court is directed to vacate its peremptory writ of mandamus. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
Nicholson, Acting P. J., and Robie, J., concurring.
